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July 25, 2025

This month’s newsletter features a report on the status of Iran’s nuclear
facilities, which were targeted in airstrikes last month. The international
community has long raised concerns about the dual-use potential of Iran’s
nuclear infrastructure, which could be used to make fuel for reactors or
weapons. Israel and the United States acted on those concerns, carrying out
airstrikes that caused damage to Iran’s uranium enrichment and processing
sites at Natanz, Fordow, and Isfahan. However, the full extent of the
damage remains unclear, absent on-site inspections.

The newsletter also includes profiles of individuals and companies
sanctioned for procuring missile-applicable items for Iran’s military, as
well as news about the interdiction of Iranian arms en route to the Houthis
in Yemen and efforts to resume International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
inspections in Iran. Additions to the Iran Watch library include government
comments on the prospect of renewed nuclear diplomacy with Iran and new
U.S. and European sanctions and enforcement actions against Iran –
particularly its ability generate revenue through oil sales.

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PUBLICATIONS

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Graphic depicting the outcome of U.S. strikes on the Fordow Fuel Enrichment
Plant. (Photo Credit: U.S. Department of Defense)

Background Report | [5]Status of Iranian Nuclear Sites

Last month, Israel and the United States carried out airstrikes against a
number of Iranian nuclear facilities. Iran is home to dozens of
nuclear-related sites, some connected to uranium enrichment, some to
suspected nuclear weaponization work, and some to nuclear research and
energy generation. Because of the dual-use potential of many of these
facilities – they can be used to manufacture fuel for nuclear reactors or
nuclear weapons – the international community has long raised concerns that
Iran could use this infrastructure and expertise to make weapons.

The airstrikes were a response to this concern. Some details about the
damage caused to Iran’s nuclear facilities have come to light, though it is
unclear when the full extent of damage will be publicly known, particularly
given the absence of international inspectors.

[6]READ THE REPORT

ENTITIES OF CONCERN

Iran continues to use domestic manufacturers to obtain missile-applicable
items, including electronic components and gyroscopes, from abroad. The
U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned two such entities for coordinating
procurement for [7]Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics (MODAFL)
subordinates.

[8]Azmoon Pajohan Hesgar Limited Liability Company

An Iran-based test equipment manufacturer that has coordinated procurement
for [9]Shahid Bagheri Industrial Group (SBIG), an entity responsible for
Iran's solid-fueled ballistic missile program; also involved in the design
of sensor and inertial navigation system tests.

[10]LEARN MORE

[11]Ezzatullah Ghasemian Sorbani

An Iranian national; managing director and chairman of the board of
directors of Azmoon Pajohan Hesgar LLC; has facilitated missile-related
procurement for MODAFL subordinates.

[12]LEARN MORE

[13]Aerospace Industries Organization (AIO)

MODAFL subsidiary that oversees Iran's missile production, including the
work of SBIG and [14]Shahid Hemat Industrial Group (SHIG), which is
responsible for Iran's liquid-fueled ballistic missile program.

[15]LEARN MORE

IN THE NEWS

[16]

Iranian-origin arms seized by the Yemeni National Resistance Forces in July
2025. (Photo Credit: U.S. Department of Defense)

[17]U.S. Military Says Yemeni Force Seized Iranian Arms Shipment Bound for
Houthis | Reuters

July 16, 2025: A Yemeni armed group seized more than 750 tons of arms bound
from Iran to the Houthis, according to U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM). The
seized weapons included cruise missiles, anti-ship missiles, and
anti-aircraft missiles, as well as warheads, seekers, drone engines, air
defense equipment, radar systems, and communications equipment. The group,
the Yemeni National Resistance Forces (NRF), is led by a nephew of Yemen's
late former president Ali Abdullah Saleh and is not part of Yemen's
internationally recognized government, although it opposes the Houthis.

[18]New U.S. Assessment Finds American Strikes Destroyed Only One of Three
Iranian Nuclear Sites | NBC News

July 17, 2025: A new U.S. assessment found that U.S. strikes on three
Iranian nuclear sites in June largely destroyed the Fordow site, setting
back uranium enrichment work by as much as two years, but that the other
two sites were not as badly damaged. Iran may be able to resume uranium
enrichment at these locations in the next several months, according to the
assessment. The U.S. and Israeli government have been discussing whether
additional strikes on the two less damaged facilities could be necessary if
Iran does not agree to resume nuclear negotiations with the United States,
or if there are signs that Iran is trying to rebuild at those locations.

[19]Iran to Resume Talks on Nuclear Program With United Nations Agency |
Wall Street Journal

July 23, 2025: Iran has agreed to host a delegation from the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the coming weeks, an indication that it may
allow international inspectors to resume monitoring nuclear work in the
country. However, Iranian officials did not offer assurance that inspectors
would eventually be allowed to visit Iran’s key nuclear sites of Fordow,
Natanz, and Isfahan, which were struck by the United States. Following U.S.
and Israeli air strikes, Iran enacted a law suspending cooperation with the
IAEA and inspectors subsequently left the country for safety reasons.
European foreign ministers told Iran that the reimposition of U.N.
sanctions might be delayed if Tehran resumed cooperation with the IAEA.

FROM THE LIBRARY

Renewed efforts at nuclear diplomacy with Iran following U.S. and Israeli
airstrikes are complicated by a lack of trust and impending deadlines.
* At the United Nations, [20]Iran’s Deputy Foreign Ministry questions
Iran’s membership in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, saying that “if
you are outside the NPT, you will not only escape censure, but will also
enjoy privilege and impunity” – July 22
* In an interview on Fox News, Iran’s Foreign Minister admits airstrikes
seriously damaged Iranian nuclear facilities but says that [21]Iran will
not give up uranium enrichment – July 21
* Meeting with the United States, France, Germany and the United Kingdom
agree to [22]trigger the “snapback” of U.N. sanctions by the end of August
if no new deal with Iran is reached – July 15
* [23]French Foreign Ministry Spokesman: resolving the problem of Iran's
nuclear program in the long term will come through negotiation and an
agreement – July 1

In the aftermath of airstrikes on Iranian nuclear facilities, the United
States and its partners continue enforcement actions against Iran –
particularly its ability generate revenue through oil sales.
* The European Union [24]imposes sanctions on Iranian national Hossein
Shamkhani and several of his companies for helping Russia circumvent
restrictions on oil sales - July 21
* [25]Lebanese national sentenced for conspiring to export U.S.-made
drill rigs to Iran in violation of U.S. sanctions – July 21
* [26]CEO of Iranian engineering company arrested for allegedly shipping
sophisticated electronics from the U.S. to Iran – July 11
* The U.S. Departments of [27]State and [28]Treasury target an Iranian
“shadow banking” network operating from Hong Kong, Turkey, and the United
Arab Emirates that supports the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods
Force (IRGC-QF) – July 9
* The [29]United States disrupts network smuggling Iranian oil disguised
as, or blended with, Iraqi oil operated by Iraqi-British national Salim
Ahmed Said – July 3
* [30]State and [31]Treasury sanction entities for the procurement and
shipment of proliferation-sensitive machinery from China for Iran’s defense
industry – June 20

Iran Watch is a website published by the Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms
Control. The Wisconsin Project is a non-profit, non-partisan organization
that conducts research, advocacy, and public education aimed at inhibiting
strategic trade from contributing to the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction.

Copyright © 2025 - Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control

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