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Scientists Recreate the Conditions That Sparked Complex Life
 Far from being solo operators, most single-celled microbes are in complex relationships. In the ocean, the soil, and your gut, they might battle and eat each other, exchange DNA, compete for nutrients, or feed on one another’s by-products. Sometimes they get even more intimate: One cell might slip inside another and make itself comfortable. If the conditions are just right, it might stay and be welcomed, sparking a relationship that could last for generations—or billions of years. This phenomenon of one cell living inside another, called endosymbiosis, has fueled the evolution of complex life.
Examples of endosymbiosis are everywhere. Mitochondria, the energy factories in your cells, were once free-living bacteria. Photosynthetic plants owe their sun-spun sugars to the chloroplast, which was also originally an independent organism. Many insects get essential nutrients from bacteria that live inside them. And last year researchers discovered the “nitroplast,” an endosymbiont that helps some algae process nitrogen.
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Editor's Note: So much of life relies on endosymbiotic relationships, but scientists have struggled to understand how they happen. How does an internalized cell evade digestion? How does it learn to reproduce inside its host? What makes a random merger of two independent organisms into a stable, lasting partnership?
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WorkThe Quest for Universal Flu Vaccines Influenza has gone by many names, including catarrh, grippe, and sweating sickness. Its modern name stems from the 14th-century Italian phrases influenza di stelle or influenza di freddo, meaning "influence of the stars" and "influence of the cold," respectively. WorkJust How Many Robots Can One Person Control at Once? This article is part of our exclusive IEEE Journal Watch series in partnership with IEEE Xplore. Swarms of autonomous robots are increasingly being tested and deployed in complex missions, yet a certain level of human oversight during these missions is still required.
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WorkWork WorkWorkWorkWorkWorkWorkHow Midlife Became a Crisis The shifts associated with being in your 40s and 50s - gray hairs, career doldrums, a longing for something more - seem as inevitable as aging itself. It wasn't always this way. WorkWorkWorkWork'Googly Eye Bandit' in Oregon Comes Forward Mr. Keith, 53, who runs the Guardian Group, a nonprofit focused on disrupting sex trafficking in the United States, said that in mid-December he sneaked into the middle of a roundabout and put the googly eyes on some public art. WorkWorkWorkOpinion | How a German Thinker Explains MAGA Morality A good way to understand this terrible political morality is to read Carl Schmitt, a German political theorist who joined the Nazi Party after Hitler became chancellor. I want to be careful here — I am not arguing that millions of Americans are suddenly Schmittians, acolytes of one of the fascist regime’s favorite political theorists. The vast majority of Americans have no idea who he is. Nor would they accept all of his ideas. WorkWorkWorkWorkWorkWorkWorkWorkWorkPerplexity submits a new bid for TikTok | TechCrunch Another report this week suggested that the White House was negotiating a deal that would see Oracle (which already provides the infrastructure for TikTok’s U.S. traffic) take over; when asked, Trump said he’s spoken to “many people about TikTok” but “not with Oracle.” WorkWorkWorkWorkWorkWorkTrump Wants to Impose 25 Tariffs on Colombia. Here's What Could Cost More. While the U.S. economy is a vastly bigger market than Colombia’s, it is also likely to feel some pain if the tariffs do get imposed. The industries most likely to be affected are agriculture and suppliers of the raw materials that are the building blocks of industry. U.S. makers of petroleum products, for instance, did about $2.5 billion in business with Colombia in 2023. The next most valuable annual exports to the country were corn ($1.2 billion) and chemicals ($1 billion). WorkSome Liberal Christians Find Comfort in Bishop Mariann Budde's Plea to Trump Sara Ivey, 71, another parishioner at Church of the Transfiguration, said the sermon reminded her of Psalm 103, which describes God as “merciful and gracious, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love.” The sermon, which she watched live on television, made her “very proud to be an Episcopalian,” she said. WorkVance Offers Fierce Endorsement of Trump's First Week When pressed about how aggressively deportation campaigns should unfold, Mr. Vance showed little appetite for restrictions, appearing to support Mr. Trump’s decision to end a longstanding policy that prevented immigration agents from entering schools and churches to arrest people. WorkRepublican Senators Call on Trump to Rethink Revoked Security Details Mr. Bolton, Mr. Pompeo and Mr. Hook were involved in an aggressive posture against Iran that included the drone strike that killed the powerful military commander Qassim Suleimani in 2020. Iran has sought to retaliate against Mr. Trump as well as those officials ever since, according to the intelligence community. WorkWorkTrump Administration Begins Immigration Arrests in Chicago Mr. Bove, who was part of Mr. Trump’s defense team in his Manhattan criminal case, is now overseeing much of the department’s day-to-day activity while the Senate works toward a confirmation vote on Pam Bondi, Mr. Trump’s nominee for attorney general. A vote on her nomination is expected this week. WorkHiring Freeze Creates Confusion and Concern at F.B.I. Already on edge, current F.B.I. employees wonder whether the directive signals the administration’s intent to gut parts of the country’s premier law enforcement agency, even as Mr. Trump has pushed to rapidly overhaul the federal bureaucracy. |
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