[People are waging not just a defensive struggle, but a positive
one for a better world, one in which we have more leisure and work
takes on a new meaning – the very opposite of a society dominated by
people Macron who told an unemployed protester that he only needed to
cross the road to find a job. ]
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WHAT’S BEHIND THE REVOLTS IN FRANCE?  
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Colin Falconer
April 3, 2023
The Left Berlin
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_ People are waging not just a defensive struggle, but a positive one
for a better world, one in which we have more leisure and work takes
on a new meaning – the very opposite of a society dominated by
people Macron who told an unemployed protester that he only needed to
cross the road to find a job. _

, Photo: Colin Falcones

 

There is a deep political crisis in France: in the 2022 presidential
election the Socialists and the Right (most recently under the
branding of _Les Republicains_), who had dominated politics the last
60 or so years, totalled between them less than 7%. Both the far-right
and the radical-left candidates obtained more than 20% each.

In the 2nd round, Macron’s score of 60% was 6 points down from
2017. 4 voters out of 10 preferred the neo-fascist Le Pen. Macron had
promised to break the mould. His slogan in 2017 was “neither left
nor right”, though sometimes he would say “both left and
right”. Five years later, most left-wing voters have abandoned him.
He is 40 MPs short of a majority in parliament and his government
only survives because the opposition is divided. Macron claims to
have a mandate for his pensions reform, but the main reason people
voted for him was to stop Marine Le Pen. 

Prime minister Elisabeth Borne had been close to the Socialist Party.
A workaholic and ruthless manager, she worked as boss of the Paris
transport authority. As transport minister, she pushed through a
neoliberal reform of the national railway company, opening it up to
competition and attacking railway workers’ conditions.

Gérald Darmanin, the hardline interior minister, had been a member of
Les Républicains. He opposed equal marriage and has led the strategy
of demonising so-called Islamist separatists and what he calls the
‘woke’ left. He has been accused of rape and sexual harassment.

A bill on Asylum and Immigration, named Darmanin’s law, is designed
to crack down on migrants  It is also tailored to the needs of the
labour market. Temporary permits would be granted to migrants to work
in industries where wages and conditions are so bad that bosses have
difficulty in recruiting. 

Fighting a difficult battle over pensions, Macron has now decided to
postpone, but not abandon, the debate on the migrants and asylum bill.
The right-wing MPs that Macron depends on for a majority are demanding
an even tougher policy. The left needs to take the question of racism,
and support for migrants, much more seriously.

MACRON’S PENSIONS “REFORM”

So now to the question of pensions. Right-wing president Sarkozy
raised the retirement age from 60 to 62 thirteen years ago, despite
working class resistance. Now Macron’s new reform would raise the
age to 64. Like the left, the unions are often divided, but they have
unanimously opposed the reform. The more radical unions want a return
to the retirement age of 60. This is also the most popular slogan on
the demonstrations. The law would also force employees to work 43
years to qualify for a full pension. So for financial reasons many
workers will have to go on beyond the nominal retirement age, a
crucial detail ignored in international reportage. Macron has
insisted that the age of 64 is not open to negotiation. The leader of
the ‘moderate’ CFDT union, who had actually supported Macron’s
pre-Covid plan, was furious. 

In previous movements the CFDT has often sold out the more militant
sections of the class. The joke is that if slavery still existed the
CFDT would try to negotiate the weight of the chains. But it has been
able to grow by following a strategy of obtaining small advances
through negotiations without strike action. It’s been able to
recruit workers in smaller companies with no militant traditions and
replace the more radical CGT as France’s biggest union. 

But Macron’s intransigency and arrogance have made it impossible, so
far, for the conservative leaders to break ranks. They are prepared to
support one-day strikes but are not urging workers to take longer
strike action and disapprove of more radical methods. The role of the
union leaders has not been entirely negative. The existence of a broad
front containing all the national union federations – even the
managers’ union and the Christian trade unions – gives people
confidence to take on the arguments. 

Macron has tried to divide workers. He wants to abolish the special
pensions schemes of so-called “privileged” groups of workers. The
argument that transport or refuse collection workers, for example, are
“privileged” because they can retire earlier has worked with the
public in the past – but much less so this time. Unions and
left-wing parties have instead succeeded in putting other questions on
the agenda: difficult working conditions, unsocial hours, low wages,
precarity, health and safety and inequality in general. 

THE CURRENT MOVEMENT AND THE YELLOW VESTS

Nine days after the government announced its plan, the union
federations called the first national day of strikes and
demonstrations. By last Tuesday there had been 10 – that’s one
every 7 days on average, usually involving a million or more people.
And hundreds of local demonstrations took place in between. The
movement is incredibly inspiring and popular. French workers are very
creative. The spontaneous Yellow Vest movement is one example. The use
of roadblocks and the occupation of roundabouts destabilised the
government and put new questions on the agenda, such as the closure of
public services in rural areas and small towns.

Fundamentally, though its politics were confused, the Yellow Vest
movement called into question the whole way the country is organised
and decisions taken. This time, unlike during the Yellow Vests
protests, the unions have played the key role. But there are
similarities. For one thing it isn’t limited to the big urban
centres. On each day of action there have been marches in 200 or more
locations, often towns of a few thousand people in rural areas. On one
remote island off the coast of Brittany with a permanent population of
200 there was a march of 80.

These are places where alternative jobs are in short supply, public
services have been run down, there is a shortage of GPs, fuel and
petrol costs are important etc. Raising the retirement age has been
the proverbial straw which broke the camel’s back.

The response to the demos called at a few days or a week’s notice
has been terrific. On Tuesday’s 10th day of action, the numbers
were down on the previous peak, but people were just as determined.
There had always been small groups of high school and college
students, but not in massive numbers. 

However, this changed on 23rd March, after the 49.3, the
no-confidence vote and Macron’s TV interview. It was the same this
Tuesday the 28th. Schools have been blocked and colleges occupied. The
government was afraid of a massive revolt of young people like the one
in 2006 which forced Chirac to withdraw a law that had already been
passed. Its reaction was to send in the cops. I also met older people
who were demonstrating for the first time since the movement began.

The strategy of days of action may seem like a dead-end, but it has
the advantage of keeping the issue on the boil. So far there is no
sign of ‘demonstration fatigue’. French demonstrators have a
great deal of humour. One demonstrator had a placard saying she wanted
to retire at 49 years and 3 months. French workers also have a great
sense of history. So placards called on Macron to retire to
Saint-Helena, the island where Napoleon was exiled by the British. The
French revolution and the guillotine are an obvious reference, though
not to the taste of Macron’s supporters. More obscurely, one
demonstrator told Macron to prepare his helicopter, in a reference to
the flight of American officials from the embassy in Saigon. And
there’s the slogan “You give us 64 (or 49.3) we’ll give you May
’68”. 

People are waging not just a defensive struggle, but a positive one
for a better world, one in which we have more leisure and work takes
on a new meaning – the very opposite of a society dominated by
people like Borne the technocrat, Darmanin the racist and misogynist,
and Macron the hypocrite, who told an unemployed protester that he
only needed to cross the road to find a job. A common expression is
‘No to Macron and his world’.

THE ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS

Union contingents have formed the core of the demonstrations, but they
have attracted people in unorganised workplaces and people in
precarious jobs. There are many low-paid women workers and immigrants
on the demos, including undocumented migrants, many of whom work in
terrible conditions under false names. 

If you are a nursery assistant or a part-time supermarket cashier, a
hotel cleaner or a delivery worker, a nurse or a waiter, you may not
be in a union or be able to strike, but you are motivated to go on the
marches, and the sheer numbers help build confidence. Some have been
joining unions. 

There has been extended strike action and blockages in some industries
and places, though relatively few workers are on indefinite strike.
Many are only on strike on national days of action, or for 2 or 3
days. Many can’t afford to strike for longer, though collections
have helped in some cases.

Train drivers, refuse collection and incinerator workers, oil refinery
and fuel depot workers, gas and electricity workers, dockers, air
traffic controllers and some others have taken militant action. There
have been a few shortages, but it hasn’t been enough to block the
economy, as some top union leaders had promised.

The force of previous movements has been the transport strikes. They
have an immediate impact on the economy and on the public. This is a
weakness of the present movement. Inter-city trains have been affected
the most. Up to 30% of flights have been cancelled at some airports.
But in Paris, even on national days of action, most suburban trains
are running and the buses are hardly affected.

Refuse collection is another key sector. Rubbish has piled up in the
streets in some areas, while others are hardly affected. The unions
have now suspended the strike in Paris, but they say it is only on
pause. In education, only a minority of teachers have been on
strike. There have been no generalised power cuts, though workers
have developed the (illegal) tactic of selective cuts targeting, for
example, government MPs while restoring power to people who have been
cut off for non payment. A little over 10% of petrol stations are
currently affected by the strike of refinery workers

MACRON’S RESPONSE

As well as using the police against pickets and roadblocks, the
government has now begun to requisition key workers (they face prison
and a 10 000 euro fine if they refuse). There’s no doubt that
strikes in some sectors have rattled the government, shaping the
potential power of the working class to impose its own priorities.
This is why they have stepped up the use of the heavily armed police.

Most union leaders are loath to support other than limited strike
action, or to encourage workers to organise mass meetings, flying
pickets, roadblocks and so on. Most of the current actions are local
initiatives, though the top union leaders have not opposed them –
publicly at least. The more radical unions, like the CGT
and _Solidaires_, and even local sections of the CFDT, have been in
the forefront. The situation is very uneven and it cannot be resolved
by a simple call for a general strike.

The revolt is contagious. Only this morning workers threatened with
redundancy replied to their bosses with cow dung. In the west of
France thousands of protesters at a mega basin were attacked by riot
police using military-style weapons. Two demonstrators are currently
in a coma.

To conclude, the movement is far from over and the future of the
reform is still in doubt. The Constitutional Council, which must
ratify the reform, is due to return its verdict on April 14th.
Meanwhile union leaders are set to meet the prime minister for the
first time. But the government continues to insist that the retirement
age is not up for discussion. 

We say ‘No to 64’, ‘Retirement on a full pension at 60’. The
next demonstration is next Thursday, 6 April.

_This is an edited version of a talk at the recent meeting: French
workers in revolt: Lessons for the UK strike movement
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_Colin Falconer is a British socialist living in France. He is a
member of ENSEMBLE!_

_The Left Berlin is a community of international progressives in
Berlin. We run an online journalism project hosting a range of
left-wing perspectives in English, as well as collaborating on
progressive campaigns and events in the city. The site is run by a
team of volunteer editors, writers and translators.  This project
emerged from the Berlin LINKE Internationals and maintains close links
but the site has editorial autonomy and attempts to reflect a range of
debate on the left._

* France
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* Mass Strikes
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* pension reform
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* Emmanuel Macron
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